ABSTRACT
Las precipitaciones extremas representan uno de los eventos naturales climáticos más importantes y pueden originar inundaciones devastadoras. De junio a agosto del 2014 se registró una de las más graves inundaciones en la historia de la ciudad de Asunción. Ocasionó un incremento considerable del nivel del río Paraguay y el desplazamiento de 300.000 personas a campamentos provisionales. Debido a que el contacto directo con el agua de inundación, el consumo de agua contaminada y la congregación de los afectados en refugios provisorios son factores de riesgo para enfermedades infecciosas, el objetivo de este estudio fue la implementación de una metodología estandarizada para la concentración y detección de virus entéricos y micobacterias no tuberculosas, por PCR en tiempo real y PCR-asociada al análisis de restricción enzimática (PRA), en muestras de agua de inundaciones y el reporte de los patógenos detectados en las zonas afectadas de Asunción y en la Bahía del Río Paraguay. La metodología propuesta demostró poseer buena sensibilidad y se registró la presencia de rotavirus, norovirus (genogrupos I y II), astrovirus, adenovirus entéricos y micobacterias no tuberculosas en 50% (N=4/8) de las muestras de los barrios Sajonia, San Jerónimo y Ricardo Brugada, Chacarita. Además, reportamos datos secundarios de casos de enfermedades infecciosas, registrados en los servicios de salud de los barrios afectados durante el periodo de inundación.
Extreme rainfall represents one of the most important natural climatic events and can cause devastating floods. From June to August 2014, one of the most serious floods in the history of the city of Asunción was recorded. It caused a considerable increase in the level of the Paraguay River and the displacement of 300,000 people to temporary camps. Since direct contact with flood water, consumption of contaminated water and the congregation of those affected in temporary shelters are risk factors for infectious diseases, the objective of this study was the implementation of a standardized methodology for the concentration and detection of enteric viruses and non-tuberculous mycobacteria, by real-time PCR and PCR-associated enzyme restriction analysis (PRA), in samples of flood water and the report of the pathogens detected in the affected areas of Asunción and in the Bay of the Paraguay River. The proposed methodology proved to have good sensitivity and the presence of rotavirus, norovirus (genogroups I and II), astrovirus, enteric adenovirus and non-tuberculous mycobacteria was recorded in 50% (N=4/8) of the samples from the Sajonia, San Jeronimo and Ricardo Brugada, Chacarita neighborhoods. In addition, we report secondary data on cases of infectious diseases, registered in the health services of the affected neighborhoods during the flood period.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND Since the early 1990s, programs to control Chagas disease in South America have focused on eradicating domiciliary Triatoma infestans, the main vector. Seroprevalence studies of the chagasic infection are included as part of the vector control programs; they are essential to assess the impact of vector control measures and to monitor the prevention of vector transmission. OBJECTIVE To assess the interruption of domiciliary vector transmission of Chagas disease by T. infestans in Paraguay by evaluating the current state of transmission in rural areas. METHODS A survey of seroprevalence of Chagas disease was carried out in a representative sample group of Paraguayans aged one to five years living in rural areas of Paraguay in 2008. Blood samples collected on filter paper from 12,776 children were tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Children whose serology was positive or undetermined (n = 41) were recalled to donate a whole blood sample for retesting. Their homes were inspected for current triatomine infestation. Blood samples from their respective mothers were also collected and tested to check possible transmission of the disease by a congenital route. FINDINGS A seroprevalence rate of 0.24% for Trypanosoma cruzi infection was detected in children under five years of age among the country’s rural population. Our findings indicate that T. cruzi was transmitted to these children vertically. The total number of infected children, aged one to five years living in these departments, was estimated at 1,691 cases with an annual incidence of congenital transmission of 338 cases per year. MAIN CONCLUSION We determined the impact of vector control in the transmission of T. cruzi, following uninterrupted vector control measures employed since 1999 in contiguous T. infestans-endemic areas of Paraguay, and this allowed us to estimate the degree of risk of congenital transmission in the country.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Child , Triatominae/parasitology , Chagas Disease/prevention & control , Chagas Disease/transmission , Chagas Disease/epidemiology , Insect Vectors/classification , Paraguay/epidemiology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Health SurveysABSTRACT
Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto protector de la melatonina sobre células mononucleares de sangre periférica (CMSP) humana expuestas in vitro a radiación ionizante. Materiales y métodos: Las CMSP de donantes sanos fueron incubadas con melatonina en concentraciones de 0,1x10-5, 1x10-6 y 1x10-7 M durante 10 minutos antes de ser expuestas a rayos gamma (300cGy, fuente de Co60); posteriormente el daño del ADN fue evaluado mediante el Ensayo del Cometa. Resultados: Las CMSP pre-tratadas con melatonina presentaron cometas con colas de menor longitud que las no tratadas así como un porcentaje menor de células con daño severo del DNA. Conclusión: Concentraciones de melatonina de 1x10-5, 1x10-6 y 1x10-7 M protegen in vitro a las CMSP del daño en el ADN ((rupturas de cadena sencilla y sitios lábiles al álcali) inducido por rayos gamma...
Protective action of melatonin on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to gamma radiation Co60. Objective: to evaluate the protective effect of melatonin on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) exposed in vitro to ionizing radiation. Materials and methods: PBMCs drawn from healthy volunteers were incubated with 0, 1x10-5, 1x10-6 y 1x10-7 M melatonin for 10 minutes before being exposed to gamma radiation (300 cGy; Co60 source). Afterwards, DNA damage was evaluated with the comet assay. Results: PBMCs pretreated with melatonin showed comet tails shorter than those without the hormone treatment, as well as a lower percentage of cells with severe DNA damage. Conclusion: melatonin doses of 1x10-5, 1x10-6 and 1x10-7 M provide in vitro protection to PBMCs fromDNA damage (single strand breaks and alkali-labile sites) induced by gamma radiation (300 cGy; Co60 source)....
Ação protetora da melatonina nas células mononucleares do sangue periférico humano submetido à radiação gama co60. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito protetor da melatonina sobre células mononucleares do sangue periférico (CMSP) humano, expostas in vitro àradiação ionizante. Materiais e Métodos: As CMSP de pessoas sadias foram incubadas com melatonina em concentrações de 0,1x10-5, 1x10-6 y 1x10-7 M durante 10 minutos antes de serem expostas a raios gama (300cGy, fonte de Co60); posteriormente, o dano do DNA foi avaliado mediante o Teste do Cometa. Resultados: As CMSP previamente tratadas com melatonina apresentaram cometas com caudas demenor comprimento que as não tratadas, assim como uma porcentagem menor de células com dano severo do DNA. Conclusões:Concentrações de melato ina de 1x10-5, 1x10-6 e 1x10-7 M protegem in vitro as CMPS do dano no DNA (rupturas de cadeia simples e sítios débeis ao álcali) induzido pelos raios gama....